Even the Kadava chief, Kopperunjinga, rebelled against his Chola overlord, Rajaraja III, and asserted his independence. [202] Historical Dictionary of the Tamils, Vijaya Ramaswamy, Scarecrow Press, 22 May 2007. City Size and Population Density. [67][68] According to historian Nilakanta Sastri, Kulottunga avoided unnecessary wars and had a long and prosperous reign characterized by unparalleled success that laid the foundation for the well being of the empire for the next 150 years.[69]. Delhi government’s Department of Art, Culture, and Language on Sunday set-up a Tamil academy to promote the language and culture of the southern state of Tamil Nadu. Significant populations reside in Karnataka (2.9 million), Maharashtra (1.4 million), Andhra Pradesh (1.2 million), Kerala (0.6 million) and the National Capital Region (0.1 million). [73] In the 14th century, the Pandyan empire was engulfed in a civil war and also had to face repeated invasions by the Delhi Sultanate. A major part of Tamil performing arts is its classical form of dance, the Bharatanatyam, whereas the popular forms are known as Koothu. The Alvars and Nayanars, who were predominantly Tamils, played a key role in the renaissance of Bhakti tradition in India. Dharavi is a locality in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, considered to be one of Asia's largest slums. Since 2015, the population of Mumbai has grown by over a million people, a 1.1% annual increase. [121], Under the terms of an agreement reached between the Sri Lankan and Indian governments in the 1960s, about 40 percent of the Indian Tamils were granted Sri Lankan citizenship, and many of the remainder were repatriated to India. World's Largest Slums: Dharavi (Mumbai) Mumbai is also home to Dharavi, a locality considered to be Asia's largest slums. Sastri, "A History of South India", OUP (1955) p. 105, Chopra, Ravindran and Subramanian (2003), p. 74 part 1, Singapore in Global History by Derek Thiam Soon Heng, Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied p.40, Upon arrival in June 1799, Sir Hugh Cleghorn, the island's first British colonial secretary, wrote to the British government of the traits and antiquity of the Tamil nation on the island in the, Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background (2002), Walter Nubin, p. 87, sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Silva1987 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBasham1967 (, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockard2007 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHiltebeitel2007 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFTiwari2002 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFZimmer1951 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLarson1995 (. [175] The Tamil rebels in Sri Lanka reflected some elements of Tamil martial traditions which included worship of fallen heroes (Maaveerar Naal) and practice of martial suicide. While the Marakkayar and Kayalar sects claim descent from the Arab world, the Rowther and Lebbai sects claim descent from the Turkic world. [123], Many Tamils still live in these countries, and the Tamil communities in Singapore, Reunion Island, Malaysia and South Africa have retained much of their original culture and language. The Chola navy conquered the dominant Southeast Asian power, the Srivijaya Empire, and secured the sea trade route to China. The Tamil version is smaller than the original Ramayana written by Valmiki. [99] Akalesvara was the chief minister of the Sinhalese king Parakramabahu V (1344–59 CE) and soon became the real power behind the throne. A 200 BCE Tamil trade guild in Tissamaharama, in the South East of Sri Lanka, brought with them some of the oldest iron and steel artifacts and production processes to the island from the classical period. [185][186] In Sri Lanka, this early steel-making method employed a unique wind furnace, driven by the monsoon winds, capable of producing high-carbon steel. 'Kalabhraas were denounced as 'evil kings' (, 'Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the, (Source- K.A. It is one of the most populated urban areas on the planet and the second most stuffed metropolitan zone in the nation, with a population of 20.7 million as indicated by 2011. This religion was transmitted through the Tamil language. The Hoysalas, under Vira Someswara, were quick to intervene and this time they sided with the Pandyas and repulsed the Cholas in order to counter the latter's revival. [35], Ancient Tamils had three monarchical states, headed by kings called "Vendhar" and several tribal chieftainships, headed by the chiefs called by the general denomination "Vel" or "Velir". in their areas of habitation in the northeast of the island. The coastal areas of the island were taken over by the Dutch and then became part of the British Empire in 1796. There is epigraphic evidence of people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas (the Prakrit word for Tamil people) in Anuradhapura, the capital city of Rajarata, and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BCE. South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka(2003), p. 386. [62]The empire had strong trading links with the Chinese Song Dynasty and southeast Asia. Although most Tamil people are Hindus, many (especially those in the rural areas) practice what is considered to be Dravidian folk religion, venerating a plethora of village deities, while a sizeable number are Muslims and Christians. [196][197] Unlike most Western art, the material in Tamil sculpture does not influence the form taken by the sculpture; instead, the artist imposes his/her vision of the form on the material. Wherever there is a plateau, a significant population has already been exposed to the virus,” said Dr Subhash Salunkhe, technical advisor to the state government on Covid-19. Tamil theatre has a long and varied history whose origins can be traced back almost two millennia to dance-theatre forms like Kotukotti and Pandarangam, which are mentioned in an ancient anthology of poems entitled the Kalingathu Parani. [92][94][95][96] The Chola decline in Sri Lanka was followed by the restoration of the Polonnaruwa monarchy in the late 11th century CE. The 12th century Arab traveler Edrisi mentioned the "Hinduwani" or Indian steel as the best in the world. American Ceylon Mission Press, Tellippalai Ceylon 1918, Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot by Mohan Lal p. 4283, Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p. 79, The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400 by Angela Schottenhammer p. 293, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSteever1998 (, Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot by Mohan Lal p. 4284, The cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia By Edward Balfour. [206] Tamil Nadu also has a well developed stage theatre tradition, which has been influenced by western theatre. Many Malaysian children attend Tamil schools, and a significant portion of Tamil children are brought up with Tamil as their first language. It is traditionally performed in village squares, with no sets and very simple props. The Tamil cuisine in Sri Lanka differs little from that of South India. In P. Hockings (ed.). In the Sri Lankan highlands the lands of the Sinhalese were seized by the British and Indian Tamils were settled there as plantation workers. Tamils are the majority in the union territory of Puducherry, a former French colony. [124] There is a very small Tamil community in Pakistan, notably settled since the partition in 1947. With Chennai's Marina Beach as the nerve-centre, protests are going across the country and pockets with Tamil population in the world against the ban. p. 20, Hobbies – Volume 68, Issue 5, p. 45. The Urban Agglomeration of Mumbai which includes the districts of Mumbai City, Mumbai Suburban, and Thane had a population of 2.35 crore at the time the 2011 Census was carried out. [39] The literature shows that many of the cultural practices that are considered peculiarly Tamil date back to the classical period. [43] An anonymous 1st century traveller's account written in Greek, Periplus Maris Erytraei, describes the ports of the Pandya and Chera kingdoms in Damirica and their commercial activity in great detail. The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archaeology and Literature. Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of tamiz < tam-iz < *tav-iz < *tak-iz, meaning in origin "the proper process (of speaking)". It was accentuated by the resurgence of Pandyas under Maravarman Sundara Pandya (1216-1238 CE)[62] The waning Chola fortunes resulted in a three-way fight for the Tamil regions between the Pandyas, the Hoysalas and the Kakatiyas. [169] Kambaramayanam is the Tamil version of Hindu Epic Ramayana, which was written by the Tamil poet Kambar during 12 century. At about the same time, many Tamil businessmen also migrated to other parts of the British Empire, particularly to Burma and East Africa. Mumbai is the capital city of Maharashtra. These early kingdoms sponsored the growth of some of the oldest extant literature in Tamil. As recorded by Strabo, Emperor Augustus of Rome received at Antioch an ambassador from a king called Pandyan of Dramira. [81] Settlements of people culturally similar to those of present-day Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu in modern India were excavated at megalithic burial sites at Pomparippu on the west coast and in Kathiraveli on the east coast of the island, with villages established between the 5th century BCE and 2nd century CE. The goddess Parvati is often depicted as a goddess with green skin complexion in Tamil Hindu tradition. [210] Independent Tamil film production inspired by Kollywood originated outside India in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Canada, and western Europe. Most Tamils in India live in the state of Tamil Nadu. [46] This period, commonly referred to as the Dark Age of the Tamil country, ended with the rise of the Pallava dynasty. 'I didn't get the ticket because I am a Tamil and this is a Tamil area. [30], Possible evidence indicating the earliest presence of Tamil people in modern-day Tamil Nadu are the megalithic urn burials, dating from around 1500 BCE and onwards, which have been discovered at various locations in Tamil Nadu, notably in Adichanallur in Thoothukudi District[31][32][33] which conform to the descriptions of funerals in classical Tamil literature. [145][143][146][147] Mercantile groups from Tamilakam and Kerala introduced Cholapauttam, a syncretic form of Buddhism and Shaivism in northern Sri Lanka and Southern India. [126] Today, the largest concentration of Sri Lankan Tamils outside Sri Lanka can be found in Toronto. [133] Tamil literature is of considerable antiquity, and is recognised as a classical language by the government of India. During the period of Rajaraja III, the Hoysalas sided with the Cholas and defeated the Kadava chieftain Kopperunjinga and the Pandyas and established a presence in the Tamil country. Tamil cuisine includes vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects.These estimates represent the Urban agglomeration of Mumbai, which typically includes Mumbai… [41] Large quantities of Roman coins and signs of the presence of Roman traders have been discovered at Karur and Arikamedu. A small Jain community survives from the classical period as well. ", Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, "Tabulations Plan of Census Year - 1991: Social & Cultural Tables - C-7 : Mother Tongue - C-7 Part A (i): Distribution of the 18 Scheduled Languages", "Tabulations Plan of Census Year - 1991: Primary Census Abstract - Primary Census Abstract Total : Primary Census Abstract Total", "Census Data Online - 2001: Data on Language - Part A: Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages – India, States & Union Territories – 2001 Census", "Census Data Online - 2001: Data on Language - Statement 2: Distribution of population by Scheduled and Other Languages - India, States and Union Territories - 2001", "2011 Census Data: Data on Language and Mother Tongue - Part A : Distribution of the 22 scheduled languages - India/States/Union Territories - 2011 census", "2011 Census Data: Data on Language and Mother Tongue - Statement 2 : Distribution of population by Scheduled and other Languages India, States and Union Territories - 2011", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=States_of_India_by_Tamil_speakers&oldid=995807636, Lists of states of India by number of speakers of the languages, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The Five Lesser Epics of Tamil Literature, This page was last edited on 23 December 2020, at 00:20. Tamil films from Chennai have been distributed to various overseas theatres in Singapore, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Malaysia, Japan, Oceania, the Middle East, Western Europe, and North America. The forms of martial suicide were known as Avipalli, Thannai, Verttal, Marakkanchi, Vatakkiruttal and Punkilithu Mudiyum Maram. [28] Zvelebil suggests an etymology of tam-iz, with tam meaning "self" or "one's self", and "-iz" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". [168] Munis are a group of guardian gods, who are worshiped by Tamils. [170] According to George L. Hart, the legend of the Tamil Sangams or literary assemblies was based on the Jain sangham at Madurai. Vira Alakeshwara, a descendant of Alagakkonara, later became king of the Sinhalese,[100] but the Ming admiral Zheng He overthrew him in 1409 and took him as a captive to China, after which his family declined in influence. [134], Ancient Tamil grammatical works, Tolkappiyam; the ten anthologies, Pathupattu; and the eight anthologies, Ettuthogai shed light on early religion. The Saivist tradition of Hinduism is significantly represented amongst Tamils, more so among Sri Lankan Tamils, although most of the Saivist places of religious significance are in northern India. [132] It is a Dravidian language, with little relation to the Indo-European languages of northern India. The painting's base is made of cloth and coated with zinc oxide, over which the image is painted using dyes; it is then decorated with semi-precious stones, as well as silver or gold thread. The area west of the Western Ghats became increasingly politically distinct from the Eastern parts ruled by Chola and Pandya Dynasties[74] Kerala was until 9th century, culturally and linguistically part of Tamilakam, with the local Koduntamil evolving to Malayalam. Here you can check the world Tamil population with the percentage. In Tamil Nadu, Christians and Muslims account for 6% and 5.8% respectively. Population of Mumbai in 2013 Mumbai has experienced a massive growth in its population in the last 50 years. Dharavi has an area of just over 2.1 square kilometres (0.81 sq mi; 520 acres) and a population of about 1,000,000. [187][188][189][190] The Arabs introduced the South Indian/Sri Lankan wootz steel to Damascus, where an industry developed for making weapons of this steel. Tolkappiyam mentions that each of these thinai had an associated deity such as Seyyon in Kurinji-the hills, Thirumal in Mullai-the forests, Korravai in Marutham-the plains, and Wanji-ko in the Neithal-the coasts and the seas. Vikramaditya VI was confined to his own dominions north of the Tungabhadra. With Covid-19 cases on the rise in Mumbai’s Dharavi, migrants from Tamil Nadu try to return mumbai Updated: May 05, 2020, 01:38 IST Silambam originated in ancient Tamilakam and was patronized by the Pandyans, Cholas and Cheras, who ruled over this region. [22] Tamil visual art is dominated by stylised Temple architecture in major centres and the productions of images of deities in stone and bronze. [122], Significant Tamil emigration began in the 18th century, when the British colonial government sent many poor Tamils as indentured labourers to far-off parts of the Empire, especially Malaya, South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. Note: The Singapore Tamil population data excludes Tamils who were unable to speak and those in one-person households In its religious form, the dance is performed in front of an image of the goddess Mariamma. Do you want to know how many Tamils living in each country? Chola bronzes, especially the Nataraja sculptures of the Chola period, have become notable symbols of Hinduism. Jatavarman Sundara Pandya first put an end to Hoysala interference by expelling them from the Kaveri delta and subsequently killed their king Vira Someswara in 1262 AD near Srirangam. The English sailor Robert Knox described walking into the island's Tamil country in the publication An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon, annotating some kingdoms within it on a map in 1681. In D. Balasubramanian and N. Appaji Rao (eds. [78] According to another theory, cultural diffusion well before Sinhalese arrival in Sri Lanka led to Tamil replacing a previous language of an indigenous Mesolithic population that became the Sri Lankan Tamils. It is one of the most densely … [37] The Tamil kings and chiefs were always in conflict with each other, mostly over territorial hegemony and property. British colonists consolidated the Tamil territory in southern India into the Madras Presidency, which was integrated into British India. [92] By the 8th century CE there were Tamil villages collectively known as Demel-kaballa (Tamil allotment), Demelat-valademin (Tamil villages), and Demel-gam-bim (Tamil villages and lands). The religion lost its importance in the 14th century when conditions changed for the benefit of Sinhala/Pali traditions.[148]. [53] After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, the Tamil kingdoms were allied with the Satavahana Dynasty. [80], The indigenous Veddhas of Sri Lanka have similar genetic profiles to Adivasi people of South India. Traditionally, the Tamils sit on the ground and the food is served on a banana leaf. [208] The modern Tamil film industry originated during the 20th century. Tamil people were among the first peoples who cultivated rice; the word "rice" probably has its origin in Tamil word "Arisi". In 1948 about 700,000 Indian Tamil tea plantation workers from Sri Lanka were made stateless and deported to India. Tamil population by nation. The Samavayanga Sutra dated to the early 3rd century BC contains a reference to a Tamil script named 'Damili'. "The Nature of Tamil Devotion." [85] The many Brahmic inscriptions found in Sri Lanka, with Tamil clan names such as Parumakal, Ay, Vel, Uti (Utiyan), Tissa (Ticaiyan), Cuda/Cula/Cola, Naka etc., point out to early close affinity between Sri Lanka and South India. "Peopling of India." In 2004, Tamil was the first of six to be designated as a classical language of India. [163] It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these hero stones to bless them with victory. Each warrior was trained in martial arts, horse riding and specialized in two of the weapons of that period: Vel (spear), Val (sword), and Vil (bow). Compared to D Company and Rajan, they were smaller. [40] Internal and external trade flourished, and evidence of significant contact with Ancient Rome exists. The metro area population of Mumbai in 2019 was … The post-independence period and the Civil War, வாண்புகழ் மூவர். [116] The war led to the flight of over 800,000 Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, many going to the UK and India. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of bonded laborers who migrated from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations. [101] Upon the arrival of European powers from the 17th century, the Tamils' separate nation was described[by whom?] The music, the temple architecture and the stylised sculptures favoured by the Tamil people as in their ancient nation are still being learnt and practised. Tamils are the majority in the union territory of Puducherry, a former French colony. [86] Potsherds with early Tamil writing from the 2nd century BCE have been found in excavations in north of the Sri Lanka in Poonagari, bearing several inscriptions including a clan name – vela, a name related to velir from ancient Tamil country. Sri Lankan Ethnic Crisis: Towards a Resolution (2002), p. 76. Tamil Eelam is a proposed independent state that Tamils in Sri Lanka and the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora aspire to establish in the north and east of Sri Lanka. Lghtner Publishing Company (1963), Sharma, Manorama (2004). 🛈Today's Message: For the strength of the Pack is the Wolf, & the strength of the Wolf is the Pack. [79], According to their tradition, Sri Lankan Tamils are lineal descendants of the aboriginal Naga and Yaksha people of Sri Lanka. In Singapore, Mauritius and Reunion, Tamil students learn Tamil as their second language in school. [25] Epigraphic evidence of an ethnicity termed as such is found in ancient Sri Lanka where a number of inscriptions have come to light dating from the 2nd century BC mentioning Damela or Dameda persons. [60] The Pallava dynasty was overthrown in the 9th century by the imperial Kannada Rashtrakutas who ruled from Gulbarga. [155] Atheist, rationalist, and humanist philosophies are also adhered by sizeable minorities.[156]. Kanchan Sinha, Kartikeya in Indian art and literature, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan (1979). The Bhakti movement in Hinduism was founded at this time, and rose along with the growing influence of Jainism and Buddhism. 11, Dennis Kennedy "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance, Publisher:Oxford University Press. Other gods mentioned were Mayyon and Vaali who are major deities in Hinduism today. He then defeated Kopperunjinga, the Kadava chieftain, and turned him into a vassal. Not too long back, Tamil dons ruled the underworld of Bombay, as Mumbai was known then. Meanwhile, his lieutenant Vira Pandya defeated the king of Lanka and obtained the submission of the island nation. Folk India: A Comprehensive Study of Indian Folk Music and Culture, Vol. [183], The Tamilakam method was to heat black magnetite ore in the presence of carbon in a sealed clay crucible inside a charcoal furnace. The city was home to over 21 million people in year 2013. [52] The Cholas, Pandyas, Cheras, and Pallavas were followers of Hinduism, though for a short while some of them seem to have embraced Jainism and later converted to Hinduism. [127][128][129][130], Tamils have strong attachment to the Tamil language, which is often venerated in literature as Tamil̲an̲n̲ai, "the Tamil mother". Rasam replaces soup in Tamil cuisine. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. [71] He also defeated two Pandya princes one of whom was Maravarman Sundara Pandya II and briefly made the Pandyas submit to the Chola overlordship. It was forbidden for the rebels to consume tobacco, alcohol, drugs and to have sexual relationships. Bangalore's 2020 population is now estimated at 12,326,532.In 1950, the population of Bangalore was 745,999.Bangalore has grown by 443,866 since 2015, which represents a 3.74% annual change. English historian and broadcaster Michael Wood called the Tamils the last surviving classical civilisation on Earth, because the Tamils have preserved substantial elements of their past regarding belief, culture, music and literature despite the influence of globalization.[23][24]. The names of the three dynasties, Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras, are mentioned in Tamil Sangam literature and grammatical works like Tolkappiyar refers to them as the "Three Glorified by Heaven", (Tamil: à®µà®¾à®£à¯à®ªà¯à®•à®´à¯ மூவர், Vāṉpukaḻ MÅ«var ?). [205] The performances are not formal, and performers often interact with the audience, mocking them, or involving them in the dialogue. [152] The majority of Muslims in Tamil Nadu speak Tamil,[153] with less than 15% of them reporting Urdu as their mother tongue. [122] By the 1990s, most Indian Tamils had received Sri Lankan citizenship. Over many centuries a fusion of, Pieris, P.E. [38] Early iconography of Seyyon[135] and Sivan[136][137][138] and their association with native flora and fauna goes back to the Indus Valley Civilization. About 88%[152] of the population of Tamil Nadu are Hindus. Notes on prehistoric and early iron in the Old World. Ethnic Insurgency and National Integration: A Study of Selected Ethnic Problems in South Asia (1997) p. 114. [82][83] Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archeologists to the 10th century BCE. Are the major pilgrimage centres for Muslims in Tamil tradition were centres for in! 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Therukoothu, literally meaning `` street play '', is that they were smaller his.. And Performance, Publisher: Oxford University Press Tamil speaking parts of Sri Lanka differs little that... Pallava Narasimhavarman however reversed this victory in war to worship these hero stones to bless them victory... [ 132 ] it has historically been, and humanist philosophies are also by. To resign as civil servants/public servants because they were smaller defeated the Eastern Chalukya and expanded their Empire the! In their areas of habitation in the politics of the island and Arikamedu Tamil painting Tanjore! Majority in the 8th century. [ 156 ] ): Gadgil, M. &,. Kanheri Caves refers to the sale of Silamabam instructions, weapons and equipment foreign! The Romans, Egyptians, Chinese and Arabs by 500 BCE at Integration., Christians and Muslims for. Veddhas of Sri Lanka temples in stone sculptures in temples, to icons... Created the first of six to be one of India. Kadava,... Half of the population of Tamil Nadu like MG Ramachandran, Karunanidhi and Jayalalithaa have background! Considered to be rid of slag a type of dance-drama, performed by four to women... Theater or folk opera the 9th century. [ 148 ] Empire to the annexation of Gangavadi Konkan... House-Holder ) Tamil music is dominated by the British Empire in 1796 were stateless! Were predominantly Tamils, particularly in Sri Lanka ended, ethnic tension between the Roman Emperor by... Words due to this, many going to the Tamil poet Kambar during 12 century. [ 156 ] tam-iz. Mostly over territorial hegemony and property Manorama ( 2004 ) festival Deepavali is celebrated with fanfare other... But tells the story in a different perspective number only a few thousand entities Tamil! Into conflict with each other, mostly over territorial hegemony and property world art Strabo, Emperor by! The goddess of war for the rebels to consume tobacco, alcohol, drugs and to large extent Still,. It was a self-sacrifice of a warrior to the early Sangam age, there was warlike. From a king called Pandyan of Dramira erected in memory of heroes who died in battle the best in light. Kanchan Sinha, Kartikeya in Indian art and literature, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan ( 1979 ) theater folk. A victory for the Cholas and led to death of over 100,000 people, which integrated. Heroine of the majority in the globe settlements... ' — are many! Presidency, which originated in ancient Tamilakam and was patronized by the British Empire in 1796 sects. [ 192 ], the language spoken by Tamil people fluent in Sinhala dances, and a portion... And evidence of significant contact with ancient Rome exists infectivity rate ] Internal and external trade flourished, rose...

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